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Section 2: Building the Black Community: The Family Section 2: Building the Black Community: The Church Section 2: Building the Black Community: The School Section 2: Quest for Economic Autonomy and Equal Rights Section 2: Memory and Mourning Section 2: Violence

Biographical Sidebar:
Francis L. Cardoza

Cardozo returned to Charleston in 1865 as a teacher for the American Missionary Association, and soon was appointed to direct the Association's educational activities in the city.

In 1866, he was instrumental in the establishment of Avery Normal Institute, and became its first superintendent. The school trained black teachers, "the object," Cardozo wrote, "for which I left all the superior advantages and privileges of the North and came South."

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Cardozo returned to Charleston in 1865 as a teacher for the American Missionary Association, and soon was appointed to direct the Association's educational activities in the city.

In 1866, he was instrumental in the establishment of Avery Normal Institute, and became its first superintendent. The school trained black teachers, "the object," Cardozo wrote, "for which I left all the superior advantages and privileges of the North and came South."
Copyright 2003
A New Birth of Freedom: Reconstruction During the Civil War The Meaning of Freedom: Black and White Responses to Slavery