Until 1751, England its colonies used a different calendar than most countries in continental Europe. England and its possessions used the Julian calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar.

Enthusiastic: Today, the word means "intensely ardent"; in the past it meant "pertaining to, or of the nature of, possession by a deity.

Awful: Today, the word generally means "Frightful, very ugly, monstrous." Earlier in history, it meant "filled with awe; profoundly respectful or reverential; or terror-stricken."

Blue-stocking: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this term "originated in connexion with re-unions held in London about 1750, at the houses of Mrs. Montague, Mrs. Vesey, and Mrs. Ord, who exerted themselves to substitute for the card-playing, which then formed the chief recreation at evening parties, more intellectual modes spending the time, including conversation on literary subjects, in which eminent men of letters often took part. Many of those who attended eschewed `full dress'; one of these was Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, who habitually wore grey or `blue' worsted, instead of black silk stockings." Thus the term was used to refer to women having or affecting literary tastes. The term was often used in the nineteenth century in a pejorative sense. It was sneeringly applied to any woman showing a taste for learning, a literary lady.

According to the Nineteenth Century Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, there were just seven articles or reviews dealing with Karl Marx in British and American periodicals.

Congressional Globe. It was preceded by the Annals of Congress and the Register of Debates and succeeded by the Congressional Record. See: U.S. Congressional Documents: The Congressional Globe, URL: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwcg.html

Telephones per 1,000 Americans in 1910: 82
Source: Unnatiral Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Momopoly by Adam D. Thierer
http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cjv14n2-6.html

Nothing. Britain and its possessions adopted the Gregorian calendar in an Act of Parliament in 1751 which required 11 days to be dropped. Thus in Britain and its colonies 2 September 1752 was followed by 14 September 1752.

Briefly describe the nature, purpose, and scope of the following publications:

America: History and Life
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature
Joseph Sabin, Bibliotheca Americana
Writings on American History
Library of Congress Author Catalogue

America: History and Life (AHL) contains abstracts of articles in U.S. and Canadian history, area studies, and current affairs literature.

Poole's Index: An index to 479 British and American periodicals from 1802 to 1906.

Bibliotheca Americana: A 29-volume guide to works, arranged in alphabetical order, relating to the Americas into the 19th century.

Writings on American History: A guide to books and articles on American history arranged by general works, chronology, broad subject, geographic region, and biography.

Library of Congress Author Catalogue: Reference information (including which libraries hold specific volumes) on books held by the Library of Congress.

Briefly identify the following:

Duncan Upshaw Fletcher
Patrick Colquhoun
Elmina Castle
Ely Moore

Duncan Upshaw Fletcher: b. January 6, 1859. d. June 17, 1936. U.S. Senator for Florida. Years of Service 1909-1936, Democrat.

Patrick Colquhoun: In 1792, British Prime Minister William Pitt established seven police courts. Three stipendiary magistrates sat at each court. Patrick Colquhoun was appointed as one of the stipendiary magistrates. "A friend of the early criminologist, Jeremy Bentham, Colquhoun adopted Bentham's philosophy of preventive policing. He opened kitchens to feed the poor and maintained a fund to help workers retrieve the tools of their trade from pawnbrokers." Source: http://www.cmsu.edu/CJ/patrick.htm.

Elmina Castle: "Forty years after Prince Henry's expeditions first acquired gold dust and twenty-one years after the Prince's death, Portugal began constructing a trading outpost on Africa's Guinea coast, near a region that had been mined by natives for many years. Permission to build the outpost had been reluctantly given by the chief of a nearby village, on the condition that peace and trust be maintained. Called "São Jorge da Mina" (Saint George's of the mine), or simply "Elmina" (the mine), it was the first permanent structure south of the Sahara built by Europeans -- and for centuries it was the largest. It also had the distinction of being the first of many permanent "slave factories" (trading posts that dealt in slaves) that would be built along Africa's western coast." Source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p260.html.

Ely Moore: Early 19th century labor leader. In 1832, Ely Moore was elected as the first President of the Typographers' Union President of the New York General Trades' Union and became the first union official elected to the Congress in 1834. He was the author of an "Address Delivered Before the General Trades' Union of the City of New-York," December 2, 1833.

Henry Adams

5 U.S. 137 (Volume 5, U.S. Reporter, page 137)

In early western history, the new year was celebrated on March 25. Julius Caesar established January 1 as the new year. However, the Christian Church condemned the celebration of new year on January 1 as paganism. The British did not change the year number until March 25. Before Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar, dates between January 1 and March 24 were identified as taking place in between two years (thus 1689-90). George Washington's was born on February 11, 1731 under the Julian calendar. But under the Gregorian calendar, he was born on February 22, 1732, which is why we now commemorate his birthday on February 22.

Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. (Bevans) 13 vols. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968-1976. An online guide to U.S. treaties is http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/godc/resguide/ustreat.htm#imp

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States. Number of children under the age of 5 per 1,000 women aged 20 to 44.