In 1986, United States Steel, once been the world's largest
steel producer, closed down its steel mills in Homestead, Pa.,
six miles from Pittsburgh. During the summer of 1892, the Homestead
steel works had been the scene of an epic clash between labor and
management that helped eliminate unions from the steel industry
for more than four decades.
Originally built in 1880 and 1881 by local merchants, the Homestead
Works was purchased by industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who installed
open-hearth furnaces and electricity in order to boost the plant's
efficiency and reduce the need for skilled labor. Carnegie's steel
mills produced armor for battleships, rails for western railroads,
and beams, girders, and steel plates for bridges and skyscrapers.
But Carnegie's drive for efficiency also led to an armed confrontation
at Homestead. In contract talks in 1892, Henry Clay Frick, the
superintendent of the Carnegie Steel Company, proposed to cut
workers' wages, arguing that increased efficiency had inflated
salaries. At the time, unskilled mill workers, who were mainly
eastern European immigrants, made less than $1.70 for a 12-hour
day. Skilled workers earned between $4 and $7.60 a day. Frick
also wanted to eliminate the union from the plant.
When the negotiations broke down, Frick shut down the mill,
installed three-miles of wooden fence topped with barbed wire
around the mill, and hired 300 guards supplied by the Pinkerton
Detective Agency. The guards were placed aboard two company barges
in Pittsburgh for the trip up the Monongahela River to nearby
Homestead.
On July 6, the guards were confronted by hundreds of workers
and townsfolk. In the gun battle that ensued, seven workers and
three Pinkerton guards were killed. Twelve hours after the battle
for Homestead began, the guards surrendered.
The union's apparent victory was short-lived. Within days,
8,500 members of the National Guard took control of the plant.
When Frick was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt in
his Pittsburgh office, public opinion turned against the steel
workers' union. By November, the union had been broken and the
mill had reopened as a non-union plant using African American
and eastern European workers. Union leaders were blacklisted from
the steel industry for life.
One of the strike's consequences was that the steel mills shifted
from an eight hour to a 12-hour a day, six-day work week, with
a 24-hour shift (followed by a day off), every two weeks. It would
be some 44 years before the steel industry would again be unionized.
