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Legislation of the 1920s>The Anti-Lynching Crusaders
The Anti-Lynching Crusaders
Source:
NAACP Papers, Part 7: The Anti-Lynching Campaign, 1912-1955,
Series B: Anti-Lynching Legislative and Publicity Files, 1916-1955,
Library of Congress (Microfilm, Reel 3, Frames 570-73).
[June or July 1922]
The Lynching of Women.
The Anti-Lynching Crusaders are a band of women organized to
stop lynching. Their slogan is: "A Million Women United
to Stop Lynching." They are trying to raise at least one
dollar from every woman united with them and to finish this
work on or before January 1st 1923. The reason that they believe
this work to be of pressing importance is because of the facts
as to lynching which confront every American. First of all,
how many people realize that since 1889 eighty-three women are
known to have been lynched? The record is as follows:
State |
Colored |
White |
Total
|
Mississippi |
14
|
1 |
15 |
Texas
|
8
|
2
|
10 |
Alabama |
9 |
- |
9 |
Georgia |
8 |
- |
8 |
Arkansas |
6 |
1 |
7 |
South
Carolina |
6 |
- |
6 |
Louisiana |
4 |
1 |
5 |
Tennessee |
3 |
2 |
5 |
Kentucky |
2 |
2 |
4 |
Oklahoma |
2 |
2 |
4 |
Florida |
3 |
- |
3 |
Missouri |
1 |
1 |
2 |
North
Carolina |
- |
1 |
1 |
Virginia |
- |
1 |
1 |
Nebraska |
- |
1 |
1 |
W.
Virginia |
- |
1 |
1 |
Wyoming |
- |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
83
|
Let
us consider a few facts.
MARY
TURNER
In May, 1918, a white plantation owner in Brooks County, Georgia,
got into a quarrel with one of his colored tenants and the tenant
killed him. A mob sought to avenge his death but could not find
the suspected man. They therefore lynched another colored man
named Hayes Turner. His wife, Mary Turner, threatened to have
members of the mob arrested. The mob therefore started after
her. She fled from home and was found there the next morning.
She was in the eighth month of pregnancy but the mob of several
hundred took her to a small stream, tied her ankles together
and hung her on a tree head downwards. Gasoline was thrown on
her clothes and she was set on fire. One of the members of the
mob took a knife and split her abdomen open so that the unborn
child fell from her womb to the ground and the child's head
was crushed under the heel of another member of the mob; Mary
Turner's body was finally riddled with bullets.
TULSA
On
Greenwood Avenue in the colored section of Tulsa, Oklahoma,
two aged colored people, and man and his wife, lived. On the
night of the Tulsa riot, May 31, 1921, a mob broke into the
home and shot both the woman and her husband from behind. The
home was then set on fire.
MISSISSIPPI
The
New York Tribune says, February 8, 1904:
"Luther
Holbert, a Doddsville (Mississippi) Negro and his wife were
burned at the stake for the murder of James Eastland, a white
planter, and John Carr, a Negro. The planter was killed in a
quarrel which arose when he came to Carr's cabin, where he found
Holbert, and ordered him to leave the plantation. Carr and a
Negro, named Winters, were also killed.
"Holbert
and his wife fled the plantation but were brought back and burned
at the stake in the presence of a thousand people . . . . .
There is nothing . . . . . to indicate that Holbert's wife had
any part in the crime."
OKLAHOMA
An
Associated Press dispatch in 1911 reads as follows:
"At
Okemah, Oklahoma, Laura Nelson, a colored woman accused of murdering
a deputy sheriff who had discovered stolen goods at her house,
was lynched together with her son, a boy about fifteen. The
woman and her son were taken from the jail, dragged about six
miles to the Canadian River and hanged from a bridge, The woman
was raped by members of the mob before she was hanged."
OKLAHOMA
An
Associated Press dispatch in 1914 reads as follows:
"Marie
Scott of Wagner County, a seventeen year old Negro girl, was
lynched by a mob of white men because her brother killed one
of the two white men who had assaulted her . . . . . The mob
came to kill her brother but as he had escaped, lynched the
girl instead."
MISSISSIPPI
In 1918 Dr. E. L. Johnston, a white plantation owner, was killed
and a colored boy was suspected of the deed. He was suspected
because two colored girls, sisters, were working for Dr. Johnston
and both were pregnant by the doctor. The boy was engaged to
be married to the older. A mob took the two girls, the boy and
the boy's fifteen-year old brother to a bridge and hanged them.
It is asserted that none of these four knew anything about the
killing; that Dr. Johnston had been killed by a white man for
seducing a white woman.
THE
CAUSES OF LYNCHING
Most
people assume that rape or attempted rape is practically the sole
cause of lynching. This is not true. From 1889 up until July 1,
1922, there have been 3,465 known lynchings in the United States.
In only 581 of these cases, or 16.6 percent, were there even an
accusation of rape.
In
the five year period from 1914 through 1918, 264 Negroes were
lynched in the United States, not counting those killed in the
East St. Louis riots. Of the 264 cases rape was the alleged cause
in only 28 cases. On the other hand, in the single year of 1917
in New York County, one of the five counties forming the city
of greater New York, 230 persons were indicted for rape, of whom
37 were indicted for rape in the first degree. Thus it may be
seen that in one county alone, 9 more persons were indicted before
courts for rape in the first degree than there were lynchings
of Negroes for rape in the whole country during five years. And
in the case of the Negroes there was only accusation and no proof.
Among the 37 persons mentioned above there was not a single Negro.
From
1889 through July 1, 1922, the following causes of lynching has
been alleged by the mob leaders in the news dispatched:
Murder.............................................................................. |
1291
|
Rape................................................................................. |
581
|
Crimes
against the person other than rape (i.e. "striking white
man," "talking back to a white man," "refusing
to turn out of road to let white boy pass," etc.)................................................. |
868
|
Crimes
against property........................................................ |
343
|
Miscellaneous
and petty offenses........................................... |
454
|
Other
crimes...................................................................... |
254
|
No
offense........................................................................ |
183 |
In
this connection two facts must be remembered. These alleged causes
are telegraphed from the place where the lynchings take place
and often the news gatherer is in sympathy with the mob. Secondly,
if a mob is determined to lynch a man it will more surely gain
public sympathy if rape is alleged rather than any other cause.
It is fair to assume that in the above list the number of actual
cases of rape had been greatly exaggerated.
|